TENDROVSKY LIGHTHOUSE

(autotranslated, could have mistakes)

Installed on the western shore of the Tendrovskaya Spit (northwestern coast of the Black Sea) 2.8 miles south of its northern end.

The spit, which is essentially a low-lying narrow sandy island, separated from the mainland by a narrow passage, is very dangerous for sailors not only at night, but also during the day in cloudy weather - the sandy shore is very low and almost invisible from the sea.

There is information that the Greeks lit fires on the spit for safe navigation [110]. Many of their ships perished in this area, since when traveling from the Bosphorus to Odessa, they were often carried by the wind and current to the east and ran aground near the Tendra.

In later times, the means of fencing here were most often day signs, placed on the spit if necessary. They were built sporadically, hastily, and therefore were not preserved for a long time.

When the regular Russian fleet appeared in the Black Sea, apparently there were no navigational signs on the spit. This conclusion can be drawn from an analysis of the entries in the “Journals kept during flagship affairs during the voyage of the Black Sea Fleet...” of the late 18th century. Thus, F. F. Ushakov wrote in his journal on September 6, 1790: “At 8 o’clock I found myself in vi

d and direction finding... Tendra extremity." On September 23, 1790, in a report to G. A. Potemkin on the results of an inspection of the shores between Sevastopol and Ochakov, he reported: “The people sent reported that on the Tendra, except for several broken barges, they saw nothing." the magazines would certainly have been mentioned and the officers would not have had to take bearings of such a rough landmark as the tip of Tendra.

On May 4, 1803, the Admiralty Board, having examined the state of the lighthouse fencing of the Black Sea shores, decided to build a wooden lighthouse on the northern tip of Tendra. Apparently, this decision was not carried out, since no information about its existence before 1827 could be found in archival documents.

Only in 1824 did the search for the most favorable location for a lighthouse begin on the spit. They were led by captain (later rear admiral, famous hydrograph) N. D. Kritsky. While compiling an inventory of the scythe, he noticed a small elevation that looked like an inverted saucer. Its unusual shape for this place led the hydrographer to believe that it was an artificial structure. Further research confirmed that in the distant past there was a sanctuary of the Lord of Pontus, the ancient Greek god and hero Achilles. Near the sanctuary, which existed for about 8 centuries, there was apparently a lighthouse that warned sailors about the dangerous spit. In the area of ​​the sanctuary, coins from 46 cities were found, including Rome, Bosporus and Thrace, which indicates that navigation was developed in ancient times in the Tendra area [117].

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Tendrovskaya spit and Tendrovsky lighthouse. Rice. 1850

The construction of the famous lighthouse on Tendre was completed in 1827. On September 11, he began regular coverage. The lighthouse was a white round stone conical tower 25 m high, which ended in a cast-iron lantern 3.6 m high. The lantern housed a catoptric lighting apparatus with an oil lamp and three reflectors. Using a clock mechanism, a “rotating”, i.e., flashing characteristic was created with a fire visibility range of up to 11 miles. The height of the fire was 29 m from sea level.

The lighthouse was located in a deserted, deserted place, where there were not even country roads, which made its construction and then maintenance very difficult.

In 1864, during the period of intensive development of the steam fleet, a new catadioptric olophtal apparatus of the 2nd category with a white flashing light was installed at the lighthouse.

In the 1860s, trouble began to creep up on the lighthouse: a rapid erosion of the spit from the sea side began. If at the time of completion of construction the surf line was 94 m from the tower, then by 1870 it approached 7 m. The position of the lighthouse became threatening.

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Tendrovsky lighthouse from a painting by artist. I. S. Manoshina

The director of the lighthouses of the Black and Azov Seas, Captain 1st Rank V. M. Zarudny, sent the head of the Dniester-Tsaregrad pilotage route Glizyan to the spit to conduct research and develop proposals. An experienced hydrographer carried out soundings, made a linear survey of the spit, analyzed the dynamics of changes in the water's edge and reported: “It is possible to keep the lighthouse in its current location, but the necessary robust hydraulic engineering work will undoubtedly cost more than a new iron lighthouse of great height and with a 1st category apparatus, built in a safe place, almost equally distant from the western and eastern banks of the Tendrovskaya spit... At the present Tendrovsky lighthouse the hired servants live in the kitchen... Due to the extreme cramped conditions and various inconveniences, life in this lighthouse is unbearable.

The construction department of the Marine Technical Committee, having considered the results of the research, decided not to build a new lighthouse, but to strengthen the shore. This was done by laying stones on the ground throughout the entire area from the tower to the water's edge. It did help, however.

not enough - the tower, washed away by water, began to tilt, and in 1879 it had to be leveled and additional fastenings installed.

During the Crimean War of 1877-1878, the caretaker received instructions: if the enemy tries to land troops on the spit, “immediately leave the lighthouse and... on a boat... retreat to Yegorlytsky Kut.”

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Lighthouse Tendrovsky

The expected landing did not take place and the lighthouses did not have to evacuate.

In 1881, the oil lamp in the lighting apparatus was replaced with a petroleum lamp. This strengthened the light and made it easier for the lighthouse workers, since the oil lamp often went out and they had to cut off the carbon deposits in the lamps several times during the night.

On December 16 and 17, 1887, the lighthouse was tested by a severe storm. As the lighthouse keeper reported to Sevastopol, "the entire Tendra was flooded, only the tops of trees and bushes were visible. The lighthouse was in danger. The tower was shaking. The horror and fear were unbearable, it was aggravated by the roar of frightened cattle... People barely escaped on fishing boats..." The tower withstood both squally winds and shocks from the blows of powerful waves.

On June 21, 1891, the lighthouse was visited by the Grand Duke's adjutant wing

Alexander Mikhailovich, accompanied by the senior flagship of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral M. D. Novikov. He highly appreciated the order and organization of service at the lighthouse, and also expressed gratitude to the team for providing assistance to the crews of ships that were wrecked near the lighthouse (in 1891, a ship ran aground 40 m from the shore as a result of fog, and some time later, 60 m from the shore in a storm

Another ship almost sank).

In 1892, a practical squadron of the Black Sea Fleet was located in Tendrovsky Bay. At this time, in addition to the lighthouse, a red light was placed at the very tip of the spit.

In 1903-1904, the lighthouse was overhauled. Opposite the lighthouse buildings, buoys (hydraulic structures in the form of a dam) were built to strengthen the shore and protect the buildings from wave impacts. Unfortunately, they were of little use.

In 1905, the lighthouse witnessed how the flag of uprising was raised for the first time in the Russian fleet on the battleship Potemkin at the Tendrovsky roadstead.

During the Great Patriotic War, the lighthouse was at the center of the battles for the Tendra Spit. There was an artillery battery on it that protected convoys of ships supplying the defending Odessa, and torpedo boats were based. Manipulation points of the 1st (Sevastopol) manipulator detachment were deployed on a bare sandbank.

A small unit of hydrographers from the Tendrovsky combat area, armed with powerful searchlights, created a target whose undercarriage was one of the longest in the theater. This group was headed by Chief Petty Officer G. A. Stepanov. The group, with its fires, flawlessly ensured the retreat

ships and transports from Odessa. One of the handling stations with an acetylene apparatus was installed on the lighthouse balcony. During the period of movement of convoys from abandoned Odessa, the standard characteristics of the lighthouse were restored.

During the retreat of our troops, by order of the command, the manipulator group was folded and, together with the dismantled lighthouse equipment, was sent by boat to Sevastopol on November 5, 1941. In memory of the heroes of Tendra, Odessa students erected a simple, strict obelisk made of stones on the spit.

An unusual monument to those harsh times was also a herd of semi-wild horses, which grew from the horses abandoned during the evacuation by the lighthouses. They often come to the lighthouse to the watering hole arranged for them by the lighthouse workers.

After the liberation of Crimea, the lighthouse was restored and equipped with modern lighthouse equipment. In the 1950s, when not a trace remained of the groins erected at the beginning of the century, they again tried to strengthen the coast, this time with the help of specially sunken ships. In a matter of days, the sea washed these ships into the sand, turning the shore near the lighthouse into a beach.

In 1981, during severe autumn winds, the beach protecting the lighthouse was washed away, and the sea again penetrated into the lighthouse town, causing significant damage to it.

reduction. Once again the question arose about moving the lighthouse to a new location, but the former employee of the Odessa Design Institute of Hydraulic Engineers V.I. Averichev, having dealt with the situation, concluded that nothing needs to be done, nature itself will return everything to normal, the beach will be restored, and the lighthouse will again be protected. And so it happened [92].

By the time the lighthouse came under the jurisdiction of Ukraine in the early 1990s, it was equipped with: the ASA-500 light-optical apparatus, the KRM-300 radio beacon, the LIEZH-300 nautofon, the AGA-Erikson radar transponder beacon and other equipment. The lighthouse's power supply was provided by diesel units ASDA-12 and ASDA-20, and a wind power station UVEZ-77. The lighthouse was serviced by 10 civilian employees. They fulfilled their duty in the service of maritime safety with honor.