LIGHTHOUSES OF PRIMORSKY REGION. Nikolay Litkovets

(autotranslated, could have mistakes)

Image removed from public review package. Local review only · not public no-info · mayak.jpg the book was published in a circulation of 250 copies and is almost impossible to buy. Author's page.

If you want to participate in the re-release of the book, write to [email protected] I hope we can gather a group of interested people.

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Litkovets N. Lighthouses of the Primorsky Territory. – Vladivostok: “48 hours.” – 2012. – 196 s; ill.

FROM THE AUTHOR

Lighthouses are the royal titans of the coast. For thousands of years they have been helping sailors, showing them the way to their native shores, protecting them from the dangers lurking in coastal waters, and providing a ray of hope for salvation. Despite the technological progress of the 21st century, lighthouses are still an integral part of the maritime navigation system. And not only. Lighthouses attract with their mystery, beckon with the unknown, fascinate with the beauty of nature, envelop with majesty, frighten with special energy magnetism...

This book is the first attempt to painterly, with illustrations, tell and show the lighthouses, the life of the lighthouses on them, for many of whom this work has already become a dynasty.

Only serviced lighthouses of the Primorsky Territory are reflected in the book. There are 28 of them. In total, there are 37 lighthouses and a large number of shining signs and buoys in the region. Information about them is given at the end of the book.

I cannot help but say a few words about the heads of the lighthouses and their colleagues... They, without exception, deserve the highest gratitude. And first of all, for humanity, for devotion to the chosen profession...

Nikolai Litkovets

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Of all technical structures, lighthouses are certainly the most romantic. A lonely tower on a rock, the sound of the surf and a ray of light cutting through the darkness of the night. A guiding light for distant ships, a welcoming signal from unknown builders and unknown keepers of these lighthouses, erected in the most remote and inaccessible places.

If we move from the lyrics to dry definitions, then a lighthouse is a high tower built in navigable waters or on coastal land and shallows. Moreover, almost every lighthouse, like no other narrowly functional structure (well, except bridges), has its own “face”. Perhaps the lighthouse builders, in addition to considerations of engineering expediency, were put into a romantic mood by thoughts similar to those given above? I don’t know, but, in any case, familiarity with dozens of photographs of famous lighthouses suggests that, leaving their structures on deserted rocky shores, the architects were thinking about somehow brightening up the future life of the anchorite keepers...

The main function of the beacon is obvious. During the day, it serves as a visible navigational landmark for sailors (therefore, lighthouses are most often built as towers, and places that are visible from afar are chosen), and at night a light is lit here, which varies in intensity, color and sequence of light pulses. In addition, many lighthouses are also equipped with an audible siren (“howler”), used as an audio guide in thick fog through which no light can penetrate...

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...Unlike the lights of a big city or even a lonely hut in the night, shore lights do not call sailors to them. On the contrary, they warn: swim past, you can’t come here, there are rocks, danger, death. This is probably why people with a special kind of soul have always become lighthouse keepers - by sending light to others, they doom themselves to complete loneliness.

...The main task of the keeper is to prevent breakdowns at the lighthouse. The lives of sailors depend on it. Therefore, no matter what happens, no matter what storms rage around, in any bad weather, on holidays and weekdays, in peacetime and in troubled days, the lighthouse must shine.

The book is in the local history department of the Central City Library named after. HELL. Startseva

Litkovets N.M. "Lighthouses of the Primorsky Territory" hardcover with embossed color illustrations coated paper 150gr/m2 A4 format 196 pages

Underwater shield of the Motherland on the Far Eastern borders. A glorious path from the first dives to trips around the world.

Unique information has been brought together for the first time. History of the creation, development and use of submarine forces of the Russian Pacific Fleet.

Archival documents, open sources and veterans' testimonies. Rare photographs, drawings, maps.

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CONTENTS

Lighthouses of Primorsky Krai

From the author...................................................................................................................................5

Primorsky Territory....................................................................................................................………7

Areas of the region where lighthouses are located...........................................................................................8

Khasan district.............................................................................................................. ……..10

Nazimova Lighthouse (Southern Lighthouse of Russia).................................................................................................. 11

Gamow Lighthouse (Treasured Corner of the Fatherland).................................................................................          19

Bruce Lighthouse (Cliffs and the sound of the surf)..................................................................................          27

Lighthouse Rabbit (Lighthouse will not let you go).................................................................................          33

Vladivostok.................................................................................................................................... 38

Lighthouse Rosset (Here are miracles, here the goblin roams)................................................................................... 39

Tokarevsky Lighthouse (It stands on a narrow cat)................................................................................... 43

Lighthouse Shkotovsky.................................................................................................................... 49

Basargin Lighthouse (Entrance Gate of Vladivostok)................................................................................... 51

Lighthouse Skrypleva (Against all winds)..................................................................................          59

Shkotovsky district....................................................................................................          64

Askold Lighthouse (In its name is the name of the island)................................................................... 65

Sysoev Lighthouse (Trees do not survive here)..................................................................          71

Nakhodka.................................................................................................................................... 76

Lighthouse Nakhodka Bay (“The waves are knocking on the windows of the lighthouse”).................................................................. 77

Lighthouse Impregnable (That Pretzel).................................................................................          81

Lazovsky district....................................................................................................................          86

Povorotny Lighthouse (Changing the direction of the bay)..................................................................          87

Ostrovnoy Lighthouse (Next to the Tiger)............................................................................................ 95

Lighthouse Orekhov (Ray of hope for salvation)................................................................................... 101

Olginsky district............................................................................................................. BUT

Mayak Dalniy (They live in the taiga, they live in the taiga)................................................................................... Sh

Lighthouse Low (Operates continuously)................................................................................... 115

Chikhachev's Lighthouse (It is somewhat similar to Leviathan)................................................................................... 119

Lighthouse Balyuzek (Here is the time to hold plein airs).................................................................................. 125

Dalnegorsky district....................................................................................................        130

Mayak Rudny (Let the cedars grow big)..................................................................        131

Lighthouse Oprichnik (My whole life was spent in lighthouses)................................................................................... 137

Terneysky district........................................................................................................        142

Yakubovsky Lighthouse (Ledum is blooming on the hill)..................................................................................... 143

Egorov's Lighthouse (Sending Light to Others)..................................................................................        149

Mayak Pashentseva (Breathing is easy and the air is clean)............................................................        157

Belkin Lighthouse...................................................................................................................        161

MayakSosunova...................................................................................................................        163

Lighthouse Zolotoy.................................................................................................................... 165

Lighting signs and buoys and their locations.................................................................................... 167

Conventions and abbreviations used.................................................................... 180

Some original lighthouses of the world.................................................................................... 181

Crimean temple-lighthouse of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.................................................................. 188

Marine traffic lights...............................................................................................        189

Fire in the night.................................................................................................................... 192

Sources of information used................................................................................... 196

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Image removed from public review package. Local review only · not public no-info · litkovec.jpg Nikolai Mikhailovich Litkovec - poet, writer, journalist. Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Lviv VVPU. At the association of nuclear submarines he was secretary, newspaper editor, served for several years as a press instructor, then as a senior officer in the press center of the Pacific Fleet.

From 1994 to 2006 – senior permanent correspondent for the newspaper of the RF Ministry of Defense “Red Star” for the Pacific Fleet and Primorsky Territory.

From 2006 to the present – ​​own correspondent for the Russian Ministry of Defense magazine “Maritime Collection” on the Far East. Captain 1st rank reserve.

Author of eight poetry collections and a number of documentary books.

In his name is the name of the island (Askold lighthouse)

The lighthouse is named after an island located in the southeastern part of the Ussuri Bay.

The directions report that the island is steep, in the northern part reaches a height of 353 m, is surrounded by fragments of rocks, and is densely covered with forest and bush thickets. Its greatest width along the parallel is a little over two miles, and its length along the meridian reaches three miles.

The island is an excellent landmark for ships heading to Vladivostok from the south and southeast. Having a significant height, it appears like a natural lighthouse along the course of the ship when it, having passed Cape Povorotny, heads towards the Eastern Bosphorus. On the first Russian maps it was called Mayachny. Sailors also called the island Green, Terminal, Doubtful, and Happy Hunting.

When the Siberian Military Flotilla was relocated from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur to Vladivostok in 1873, shipping in the Peter the Great Gulf became noticeably more active. Not only Russian ships, but also ships from distant Europe began to enter the Golden Horn Bay.

Not a single ship heading to the port from the east could pass Askold Island. It could have served as an excellent stronghold in protecting the city from the enemy, but for some reason it was never turned into a fort, although there were many proposals in this regard. During the development of Vladivostok, it was remarkable only for deer hunting and gold mines, known and long used by Chinese industrialists.

Naturally, the island, lying on the sea route to the developing port, required an early navigation fence. In the 16-year plan for the construction and re-equipment of floating and coastal lighthouses on the seas of Russia, the start of construction of the Askold lighthouse was envisaged in 1874. However, while they were choosing a location, carrying out design work, a lighthouse was built and began to operate on Skrypleva Island right at the very entrance to the Eastern Bosphorus Strait. This lighthouse seemed so effective to the port command that, saving money, it considered it sufficient to install a small lantern on a stone foundation 2 m high on Askold Island instead of the planned capital lighthouse.

The Hydrographic Department, foreseeing that the port of Vladivostok had a great future, did not agree with this decision and ordered to continue detailed surveying and leveling of the entire island in order to find the most advantageous location for a permanent lighthouse from a navigation point of view.

The most suitable location was considered to be a site on the southwestern tip of the island at an altitude of 240 m from sea level. It was convenient not only in terms of navigation - several springs with fresh water were discovered here, and there was a slope along which it was possible to pave the way to the sea itself.

However, General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich did not approve the chosen location, believing that the fire at such a height would often be obscured by fog, and ordered another thorough exploration of the area.

In pursuance of this decision, the Hydrographic Department appointed a commission of officers familiar with the navigation conditions in Peter the Great Gulf. The commission, in particular, included famous explorers of the seas of the Far East, captain-lieutenant (later rear admiral) K. S. Staritsky and lieutenant M. L. Onatsevich. The chairman of the construction department of the Marine Technical Committee, engineer Lieutenant General Tillo, took an active part in the work of the commission.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the local climate (dampness, fog), the commission came to the conclusion that if the lighthouse is built on the southwestern tip of the island, at an altitude of 240 m, as previously proposed, then:

1)                 ...at the slightest cloudiness, its fire will be closed and, therefore, will bring little benefit to navigation;

2)                 ...the lighthouse will not illuminate the most necessary space towards Cape Povorotny, where it will be covered by the southern cape of the same Askold Island, which has an elevation of 500 feet;

3)                 ...the supposed illumination of the Ussuri Bay by this new lighthouse will not be necessary, since this bay is already sufficiently illuminated by the Skryplevsky lighthouse.

The commission recommended installing a lighthouse on the southern cape of the island, which is 90 m below the southwestern cape, and as close to the sea as possible to avoid blocking the fire by mountain peaks. The visibility range of the lighthouse in this place will be less than at an altitude of 240 m, but it will be less often obscured by fog, and will illuminate exactly the space that ships coming from the sea need.

This proposal of the commission was approved, and construction began in 1879. Considering the great attention to the lighthouse from the Ministry of the Navy, the commander of the Vladivostok port, Rear Admiral Erdman, chose the site for the installation of the tower. Reporting to the Admiral General and the Hydrographic Department on the results of his trip to the island, he noted: “In the summer, the fog is so thick that it obscures both the upper and lower places, so much so that the upper ones are sometimes visible, but the lower ones are not... I think the place to choose is a hill that has 589 feet above sea level and is located on the southwestern part of the southern cape... besides, there are several springs 200 fathoms from it. fresh water."

Thus, the Admiral General’s requirement to place a lighthouse on the southwestern cape was fulfilled, but the height of its installation still turned out to be significantly higher than he and the commission of the Hydrographic Department recommended. Apparently, it was no coincidence that Erdman took responsibility for the final choice of the site - everything is much clearer on the spot than on the maps in St. Petersburg.

The recommendation of the Construction Department regarding the material for the tower was also not implemented. An experienced builder, Lieutenant General Tillo, was convinced on the spot that for such a humid climate as on the island, the tower should be built not from iron, as provided for in the project, but from stone.

The Vladivostok merchant Lindholm was contracted to build the lighthouse. Engineer-Lieutenant Colonel Gakkel was appointed chief observer. 95,685 rubles were allocated for the entire construction.

Of the building materials on site, only clay and rubble stone turned out to be suitable. Everything else had to be imported from Vladivostok.

By the time the lighthouse was erected, there were no residential buildings or roads on the island. Therefore, construction work began with the construction of a pier, barracks for workers and the construction of a “spiral” road around the mountain. The tower, 8.4 m high from the base, was built of brick; service and residential buildings were made of local rubble stone. The light-optical apparatus was purchased in England at the Chane brothers plant.

Construction was completed in the fall of 1881. Commander of the Eastern Ocean ports, Rear Admiral A.V. Feldhausen reported to the Hydrographic Department: “I personally examined the lighthouse and found it to be well and solidly built, the services at the lighthouse leave nothing to be desired, the apparatus is operating properly... Lighting began on September 29, 1881. The tower is red, the fire is white with flashes after 1 minute and lasting 8 seconds. When tested, the visual range was 35 miles.”

In turn, the Hydrographic Department on October 8, 1881 published the following notice to seafarers in newspapers: “The Hydrographic Department announces to the Maritime Department that a lighthouse with a rotating white light has been opened in Peter the Great Bay on Askold Island, producing flashes every minute. The light illuminates a 240° arc of the seaward horizon between N0 65° through S to NW 55° and is visible in clear weather at a distance of approximately 25 miles. Refractive lighting apparatus of the 1st category.”

To send fog signals, a bell and a unicorn cannon were installed at the tip of Cape Klykov. To communicate with ships using flag semaphore, a signal mast was built near the lighthouse tower.

The construction of the lighthouse cost the treasury 162,824 rubles, almost twice as much as planned. This was caused, first of all, by the high cost of materials and the difficulties of delivering them to the construction site. Despite the fact that the island is located only 30 miles from Vladivostok, at first there was no connection between the lighthouse and the shore. In order to somehow alleviate the situation of the lighthouses, the commander of the ports of the Eastern Ocean, immediately after the opening of the lighthouse, issued an order: “Due to the lack of constant communication with Askold Island and due to the complete impossibility for the lighthouse keeper to send reports to the Hydrographic Unit, if necessary, I suggest that the commanders of the ships of the flotilla entrusted to me, when passing by Askold Island, if a flag or balloon is raised at the Askold Lighthouse, by all means send a ship’s boat to the lighthouse, and the impossibility of this immediately upon arrival in Vladivostok, report this to the Hydrographic Department.”

The lighthouse was illuminated all year round. The personnel serving it consisted of a caretaker and eight sailors of the Siberian naval crew. The first keeper was appointed, on the recommendation of the Hydrographic Department, the former keeper of the Odensholm lighthouse (now Osmussaar), an experienced specialist, provincial secretary Afanasiev, sent from the Baltic.

Due to the lack of fresh food and a very damp climate, the lighthouse personnel were often sick, and the commander of the ports of the Eastern Ocean decided to change half of the team in the fall, and the second half in the spring, so that four people would always remain from among the experienced servants who were well familiar with the lighthouse equipment.

In 1892, during a major overhaul of the tower, without additional expenditure of funds from the treasury, the lighthouse workers built a new road from Naezdnik Bay, where cargo was delivered, directly to the lighthouse. It became almost three times shorter than before - instead of eleven miles, only four. In the same year, a specially appointed commission chose the location for the siren. They decided to install it on Cape Shugaidui, two kilometers from the lighthouse, where there is a source of fresh water for the steam boiler.

Despite the fact that the lighthouse tower was made of brick, it did not stand for 50 years. The harsh climate took its toll - already at the beginning of the 20th century, the walls of the tower began to crack and crumble. Periodic major repairs helped little, and in 1917 the lighthouse was rebuilt. Its appearance has been preserved to this day. It is a white octagonal stone tower 8 m high next to a white one-story building. A 1st category diopter light-optical apparatus with a Chance system lamp was installed in a metal lantern structure with a copper dome.

During the Civil War, difficult times came for the lighthouse. Due to poor food supplies, experienced servants left the lighthouse. They were replaced mainly by disabled people of the First World War, recommended for work at the lighthouse by the Vladivostok Committee of Disabled Persons. They did not understand their responsibility to the seafarers, they worked carelessly, and the order established at the lighthouse began to be disrupted.

Added to these troubles were visits to the lighthouse by armed people - White Guards, Red Army soldiers, and simply criminals. As a rule, such raids ended in ordinary robberies. The keeper's reports to the Lighthouse Directorate are full of complaints about the outrages: “Unknown armed people took away the supplies of corned beef and crackers”; “On July 21, 1918, armed men of the Czechoslovak detachment requisitioned four guns”; “On April 27, 1919, an armed detachment of Red Army soldiers arrived at the lighthouse. They took away the telescope, copper tanks, pyroxylin and the fuse cord.” However, the lighthouse continued to operate and help everyone who was at sea at that time in the Askold area.

In the 1920-1930s, the technical equipment of the lighthouse was improved. In 1940, by order of the head of the hydrographic service of the Pacific Fleet, it was classified as a first-class lighthouse.

During the Great Patriotic War and the war with Japan, it reliably provided our ships based in Vladivostok.

Currently, the Askold lighthouse, equipped with modern light-optical technology and a radio beacon, continues to ensure the safety of navigation on the approaches to Vladivostok. Its white flashing light, located at an altitude of 113 m from sea level, illuminates the space from 84° to 306° for a distance of up to 22 miles.