TARKHANKUT LIGHTHOUSE

(autotranslated, could have mistakes)

The lighthouse is named after a low-lying rocky cape on the western tip of the Crimean Peninsula.

In the "Location of the Black Sea", published at the beginning of the century, it is written: "Coming from the NW, that part of the Tarkhankut coast, which is between Ak-Mechet and Karamrun, opens 25 miles. At first, except for a bluish stripe on the horizon, nothing can be distinguished. As you get closer, the whitish cliffs at Karamrun will begin to appear, and then the reddish cape and the coast... Soon after this, it will appear Tarkhankut lighthouse...” [94].

This place, with its shallows and underwater rocks, has always been considered the most dangerous for sailors on the Black Sea. This far western point of Crimea, stretching far into the sea, was called “Devil's Cape” and “Cape of Storms” by sailors because of the frequent shipwrecks here.

As for the name Tarkhankut, it is believed that it came from the Turkic words “tarkhan” (exempt from taxes, duties) and “kut” (corner). In this area, before the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Tatar clergy lived who did not pay duties. Apparently, this is why the cape began to be called Tarkhankut.

Presumably the first lighthouse structure on the cape was erected at the beginning of our era by the Greeks. There was a lighthouse here at the end of the 18th century.

century, as evidenced by the report of F.F. Ushakov dated July 9, 1789: “... this morning we found ourselves opposite the stone lighthouse on that Kut...” [115].

Image removed from public review package. Local review only · not public no-info · image242.jpeg

Tower of the Tarkhankut lighthouse. Rice. 1850

No detailed information about this lighthouse could be found. It can be assumed that it was non-luminous and was a simple structure in the form of a pillar to mark the tip of the cape.

Apparently, this navigation sign, which Ushakov, according to the then accepted terminology, called a lighthouse, did not suit the sailors, since on May 4, 1803, the Admiralty Board wrote in its journal: “We listened to the report of the office of the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet... looked at the drawings and estimates of the lighthouses assigned for the construction: in Odessa and on the Chersonesos Cape, two night ones, and on Tendra, in Tarkhanova Kuta and in Kezlov (now Evpatoria. - Author) two daylight stone and one wooden...” [104].

For some reason, this decree was not implemented, since in 1812 the Admiralty Department again made a decision on the construction of a lighthouse on Cape Tarkhankut. Control over its implementation was entrusted to the director of the lighthouses of the Baltic Sea, L. V. Spafariev. Leonty Vasilyevich arrived on the Black Sea and took part in choosing a location for the tower and in developing the lighthouse project.

Construction took three years and was completed in 1816, but lighting of the lighthouse began only on June 16, 1817, after the

m the lighting apparatus was installed and adjusted.

Image removed from public review package. Local review only · not public no-info · image243.jpeg

Cape Tarkhankut and Tarkhankutsky lighthouse

The lighthouse was a stone conical tower 36 m high with a wooden lantern of a regular decagonal shape 3.3 m high. The lantern was equipped with a catoptric lighting apparatus purchased in England consisting of 15 lamps with reflectors. The device, located at an altitude of 35 m from sea level and 33 m from the base, shone a constant white light, providing a visibility range of up to 12 miles.

In addition to the tower, three houses were built inside the stone fence: for the keeper, lighthouses and storage rooms. There was no fresh water nearby; it had to be delivered from the village of Karadzhi, located 6 miles from the lighthouse.

During construction, the cape was deserted; there were not even decent country roads in the vicinity; materials were delivered and supplies to builders were carried out by sea. By the 1830s the situation had changed. This is how a naval doctor who visited the lighthouse on business in 1832 described it:

“I examined the lighthouse in detail and especially all the lighthouse facilities, in its economic terms; the caretaker’s house was one-story, stone, with a tiled roof; although I did not count the rooms and did not examine their location, but judging by the body of the building, I assume that there were at least four rooms in it

and a fifth storage room in the entryway; next to the caretaker’s house there was a barracks for servants for 8 people; but more than 15 could be placed in it; with this spaciousness, it was divided by several partitions for married people, and, in addition, the servant's kitchen and the kitchen for the caretaker were separated by partitions; next to the barracks, in one line, there was a barn or store, which served to contain the fat that illuminated the lighthouse; There was also a canopy adjacent to the edge. All these buildings are covered with tiles. Behind these buildings, to the rear facade of the barracks, barn and shed, there was an open barnyard, or a fence, surrounded by a stone wall on dry masonry; in the enclosure there were about twenty cattle, and at least about a hundred sheep; There were also little lambs there.

Behind the fence there was another half-decade fence, surrounded by a stone wall; from the ridges prepared in it, one could conclude that this place was used for planting garden herbs. Adjoining these main buildings and buildings on different sides were stables and sheds for pigs and poultry. Pigs, roosters, chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, taking advantage of the pleasant weather, walked in front of and behind buildings, sometimes along fences and roofs, with whole families

twami. Adding to this various fishing equipment, stretched along the walls and laid out on the roofs, and besides, barrels, tubs, wheels, drogs, an orderly stack of hay, half a stack of straw, a huge pile of weeds for fuel and a pyramid of dung, and looking at all this together, belonging to the lighthouse establishment, one would think that, on the whole, it was, if not exemplary, then in a well-maintained farm” [116].

Further, the author of the notes reports that the dinner, in terms of the abundance of dishes and the quality of their preparation, was such that “... you will not immediately find it in Sevastopol.” In response to his question, where did such wealth come from in such a wilderness with a small salary for the caretaker, the captain of the ship on which they arrived, who accompanied the doctor, said that all this was created by his own labor, and told how it all began.

When the retired lieutenant of the navigators (he does not give his last name - author) arrived at his appointment at the lighthouse, everything here was empty and bare. After the shift, the servants either slept or wandered around, suffering from idleness. The lieutenant captivated them all with his enthusiasm and love of work. Soon cows, horses, sheep, and all kinds of game appeared at the lighthouse. And after this, vegetable gardens and orchards. So in a few years, out of nowhere, fussing

There was a rich farm where everyone now happily worked between shifts. The lieutenant, in addition, opened a small school where he teaches local children to read and write. "There is wealth everywhere, just know how to use it, under certain conditions, use it. Yes!... just know how to use it, it doesn't seem like a great thing..." the captain finished the story.

By the middle of the 19th century, two large ports in the northwestern part of the Black Sea - Nikolaev and Kherson - had grown noticeably. Nikolaev became the main shipyard of the Black Sea Fleet, and Kherson became a port that received not only coastal vessels, but also foreign ones. Navigation in the Tarkhankut area has become noticeably livelier. Taking this into account, in 1862, the most powerful 1st category diopter light-optical apparatus on the Black Sea was installed at the lighthouse, illuminating the sector of the sea between capes Karamrun (Karamburun) and Uret. The apparatus was equipped with a petroleum lamp with five lamps. The new lantern room was lined inside with mahogany panels. All the requirements for the lighting apparatus, its transportation from Paris and installation were developed by the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and ports, Vice Admiral M.P. Manganari.

In 1876, next to the tower, closer to the sea, a house was built with

zonin for telegraph. On its roof there were trestles on which signals were raised to passing ships in accordance with the international code of flag signals. Later the telegraph was connected by telephone to Yevpatoria. It transmitted weather reports daily. In the last century there was also a rescue station equipped with a “rocket launcher”.

In 1877, in connection with the Russian-Turkish War, a team consisting of 11 guard soldiers, 2 telegraph operators and 3 sailor signalmen was stationed at the lighthouse. Their duties, in addition to guarding the lighthouse, included monitoring the situation at sea and reporting everything noticed to the fleet headquarters.

Due to poor-quality combustible material, in the second half of the 19th century, lighthouses had to remove soot from the wicks twice a night. To do this, it was necessary to turn off the light of the lighthouse for 10-15 minutes.

The period of time is short, but even in this short time a disaster could occur. It is believed that it was during the removal of carbon deposits in the 1870s that the imperial yacht Livadia sank near the cape. After this event, an employee of the Directorate of Lighthouses of the Black and Azov Seas, Captain Seleznev, invented a lamp that made it possible to remove carbon deposits without extinguishing the light of the lighthouse. This lamp was first used in 1881 at the Tarkhankut lighthouse.

On January 1, 1883, on the cape near the lighthouse, the first “caloric” siren for fog signals in the Black and Azov Seas, purchased in England, began to operate. It was powered by compressed air. According to the Hydrographic Department, this siren arrived at the lighthouse from the Holmes company in an unfinished form and a lot of effort had to be spent on finishing it.

Since the siren had a long time of readiness for action, especially in cold weather, in 1899, near the tower, a bell was hung on wooden poles with a crossbar at a height of 4.8 m, in which

they called from the moment inclement weather arrived until the siren was ready to go into action.

In 1934, the lighthouse was equipped with one of the first radio beacons on the Black Sea with a range of 300 km.

Image removed from public review package. Local review only · not public no-info · image244.jpeg

Lighthouse Tarkhankutsky

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the lighthouse had to ensure transport transitions from Odessa to Sevastopol in difficult conditions of countering the enemy. On the Odessa-Tarkhankut section, these crossings were made mainly in the dark. With the approach of enemy troops, the equipment at the lighthouse was dismantled, and the personnel, led by the head of the lighthouse P.P. Nerod, were evacuated. The former head of the Hydrographic Service of the Black Sea Fleet, Rear Admiral L. I. Mitin, spoke about further events at the lighthouse:

"Before the Nazis appeared on Tarkhankut, all the lighthouses went to defend Sevastopol. And if not for the resourcefulness and courage of two young heroes from the village of Olenevka - Vasya Guzenko and Sasha Karnaukh, when they returned, the lighthouses would not have found their lighthouse.

The Nazis left Tarkhankut in great haste, otherwise it is unlikely that they would not have completed their dirty work of destroying the tower.

Seeing the retreating enemies, the guys decided to make their way to the lighthouse to see what was happening there. Walking along the shore, we noticed a light flashing in the distance. Without saying a word, they ran. And suddenly they saw a burning fuse. Realizing the danger threatening the lighthouse, the boys quickly cut the deadly thread. And when

When we looked more closely, we discovered an open well door, and there were neatly stacked explosives.”

This way they managed to save the tower, which retains its unchanged appearance to this day.

In 1949, the lighthouse first tested the proposal of hydrographer Senior Lieutenant B. S. Rosen to use wind-electric engines to charge lighthouse batteries. A D-1.5M wind turbine was purchased for temporary use from one of the local collective farms and installed by personnel. The results were positive, and the experience was extended to other lighthouses. The use of wind power plants has reduced fuel consumption and made it possible to illuminate the houses of lighthouses without additional costs.

In the 1970s, the lighthouse was reconstructed: lighting equipment was updated, new living quarters were built, and gasification of lighthouse structures was carried out. In 1975, the electronic radio beacon time system (SVER) was put into operation, regulating the operation of a group of beacons. SVER has increased the accuracy of the characteristics of radio beacons and made it easier to control their operation.

After 1917, the heads of the lighthouse at different periods were:

from 1917 to 1918 - Solodovnikov,

from 1918 to 1921 - Popov,

from 1918 to 1921 - Glaschenko,

from 1927 to 1930 - Yarovenko,

from 1931 to 1938 - A. I. Dudar,

in 1939 - A. M. Pavlov,

from 1940 to 1941 - P. P. Nerod,

from 1944 to 1945 - Ivanov,

from 1946 to 1951 - N. S. Makeev,

in 1952 - A. D. Zhilnikov,

from 1953 to 1958 - A. M. Korneev,

from 1958 to 1969 - N.V. Chudinov,

from 1969 to 1971 - F. P. Baranov,

from 1971 to 1972 - M. D. Sleptsov,

from 1972 to 1975 - N.V. Chudinov,

from 1975 to 1982 - Yu. M. Ivanov,

from 1986 to the present - V. V. Grigorchuk.

The former flagship navigator of the Baltic Fleet, Captain 1st Rank Yu. M. Ivanov, who headed the lighthouse in the 1970s, turned a bare area of ​​a deserted cape into a blooming garden, planting the lighthouse town with trees, shrubs and flowers.

A small man-made park has grown up on the shore of the cape, in which, with the help and support of the famous Nikitsky Botanical Garden, a living collection of trees and shrubs has been collected. Pines and plane trees, walnuts and almonds, tamarisk and roses, and many other flowers and plants grow here. For the young residents of the lighthouse there are playgrounds, a kindergarten-nursery and even a paddling pool.

ik" with sea water. Everything was done by the hands of the lighthouse makers themselves; only artists were invited for consultations.

On November 10, 1981, a hurricane hit Tarkhankut. The height of the waves reached 7-8 m. The lighthouse town was flooded, technical buildings and warehouses were destroyed, living quarters and the radio beacon mast were damaged. The ball players had to put a lot of effort into restoring what was destroyed, but they did it.

Currently, the 1st class Tarkhankut lighthouse is a separate lighthouse complex, which includes radio and light beacons, sound signaling equipment, a medium-range radio navigation system station, main and backup power supply facilities.

The lighthouse shines with a white flashing light, illuminating a sector of the sea from 107 to 348° for a distance of up to 17 miles.